Pierre-Yves
Lambert s. xx–xxi
Works authored
Works edited
Contributions to journals
[EN] Notes on some Old Breton words in MS Angers 477, f° 36r°.The manuscript of Bede’s scientific writings, Angers, Bibliothèque municipale n° 477, offers the largest body of Old Breton glosses ever found. The Old Breton words on f° 36ro, however, are not exactly glosses : these Old Breton words translate a number of labels placed at the head of several columns containing Roman numerals. This table of numerals gives the age of the moon on the date of the main mobile feasts of the liturgical year. The heavily abbreviated head words of columns are in Latin or Old Irish. Léon Fleuriot correctly interpreted most of the Breton words, but did not understand what the table’s purpose was. We explain this table, which occurs also, more or less developed, in other Irish or Breton manuscripts. K(a) l(ann) guiam “ Winter calends” (meaning, All Hallows) is a mistranslation, the abbreviated sam–-being wrongly understood as standing for Irish Samuin “ First of November”, obviously not a mobile feast, instead of sam-chásc “ Summer-Easter”, the sixth Sunday after Whit Sunday, the date which terminated the Second Lent in the Irish monastic year. In addition, ceplit, the first term of the list, is different from caplit “ Holy Thursday”, and may be explained as a borrowing from Latin capitula “ chapters”, or rather capitulationes “ heads of chapters, of columns”.
[EN] Notes on some Old Breton words in MS Angers 477, f° 36r°.The manuscript of Bede’s scientific writings, Angers, Bibliothèque municipale n° 477, offers the largest body of Old Breton glosses ever found. The Old Breton words on f° 36ro, however, are not exactly glosses : these Old Breton words translate a number of labels placed at the head of several columns containing Roman numerals. This table of numerals gives the age of the moon on the date of the main mobile feasts of the liturgical year. The heavily abbreviated head words of columns are in Latin or Old Irish. Léon Fleuriot correctly interpreted most of the Breton words, but did not understand what the table’s purpose was. We explain this table, which occurs also, more or less developed, in other Irish or Breton manuscripts. K(a) l(ann) guiam “ Winter calends” (meaning, All Hallows) is a mistranslation, the abbreviated sam–-being wrongly understood as standing for Irish Samuin “ First of November”, obviously not a mobile feast, instead of sam-chásc “ Summer-Easter”, the sixth Sunday after Whit Sunday, the date which terminated the Second Lent in the Irish monastic year. In addition, ceplit, the first term of the list, is different from caplit “ Holy Thursday”, and may be explained as a borrowing from Latin capitula “ chapters”, or rather capitulationes “ heads of chapters, of columns”.
[EN] Châteaubleau : The Gaulish tile with nine lines.Found in July 2017, this tile inscribed with nine lines was reused to pave the bottom of a trough for slaking lime, around 200 AD. The finding spot is close to the Grands Jardins, which provided the eleven-line tile in 1997. But the new inscribed tile has not been kept in its entirety, missing nearly all the left half of the text. The writing of this tile closely resembles that of the 1997 one : SS is used for the affricate. We however noticed a new letter form, seemingly a variant of -t- used only after vowel -i-. We can also distinguish two different scribes, “ scribe Z” and “ scribe tau”, thus named according to the form they use for this variant of -t-. Our interpretation recovers some calques from Latin : logitu, perhaps equivalent to Latin locatos “ let” ; figlitati, an abstract derived from the Latin noun for “ potter”, figulus ; suesanu, probably derived from the ordinal suexos “ sixth”, referring maybe to a fraction of the revenues paid back by the tenant. It is suggested that the text may be either a regulation particular to potters, or a lease contract for installing or running a tilery. This contract begins with a man name (Auedo Canio), and ends with a place name (en Epodore Core), the latter being, together with other important stipulations, written by “ scribe tau”.
[EN] Châteaubleau : The Gaulish tile with nine lines.Found in July 2017, this tile inscribed with nine lines was reused to pave the bottom of a trough for slaking lime, around 200 AD. The finding spot is close to the Grands Jardins, which provided the eleven-line tile in 1997. But the new inscribed tile has not been kept in its entirety, missing nearly all the left half of the text. The writing of this tile closely resembles that of the 1997 one : SS is used for the affricate. We however noticed a new letter form, seemingly a variant of -t- used only after vowel -i-. We can also distinguish two different scribes, “ scribe Z” and “ scribe tau”, thus named according to the form they use for this variant of -t-. Our interpretation recovers some calques from Latin : logitu, perhaps equivalent to Latin locatos “ let” ; figlitati, an abstract derived from the Latin noun for “ potter”, figulus ; suesanu, probably derived from the ordinal suexos “ sixth”, referring maybe to a fraction of the revenues paid back by the tenant. It is suggested that the text may be either a regulation particular to potters, or a lease contract for installing or running a tilery. This contract begins with a man name (Auedo Canio), and ends with a place name (en Epodore Core), the latter being, together with other important stipulations, written by “ scribe tau”.
[EN] Fragments of an inscribed earthware found in Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme).The fragments were found in a preventive excavation, in one of the Gallo-Roman areas of Lezoux dedicated to the production of pottery : the area “of Maringues road”. These are five sherds, matching one another into two groups, and belonging to the Dragendorff 37 type. Although found in two different places, they belong to one and the same bowl. The writing resembles that of “Plat de Lezoux” (L-70), which was found in a near-by field. The linguistic analysis shows a recurrence of inflected endings (-in, -tionin). The word abro could be a verb meaning “to give”, indicating then that this text tells of a donation. It would be possible to interpret nededin as the «possession» , and appissu as a cognate of Latin acquiro.
[EN] Fragments of an inscribed earthware found in Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme).The fragments were found in a preventive excavation, in one of the Gallo-Roman areas of Lezoux dedicated to the production of pottery : the area “of Maringues road”. These are five sherds, matching one another into two groups, and belonging to the Dragendorff 37 type. Although found in two different places, they belong to one and the same bowl. The writing resembles that of “Plat de Lezoux” (L-70), which was found in a near-by field. The linguistic analysis shows a recurrence of inflected endings (-in, -tionin). The word abro could be a verb meaning “to give”, indicating then that this text tells of a donation. It would be possible to interpret nededin as the «possession» , and appissu as a cognate of Latin acquiro.
[EN] The Gospel History from Leabhar Breac : About sections 10 to 13.The Leabhar Breac manuscript, dated 1430, is the best witness for a compiled Middle Irish Biblical History, made of a prose version of Saltair na Rann (for the Old Testament) and of a gathering of fourteen tracts (for the New Testament), most of them derived from apocryphal texts, and forming what is now labelled the Gospel History. This contribution proposes an analysis of four of the last five, still unedited, tracts. Number 10 and 13 focus on dated events which are milestones in chronologies : “Jesus’ Baptism” and “Jesus’ First Sermon”. The other tracts deal with the Twelve Apostles (their origin, history and death) and the Seventy-Two Disciples. This study aims at discerning the main sources, and the Hiberno-Latin treatises written on the same subjects. Though relying mainly on apocryphal sources, the compilation maintains several times it has observed a ban : some apocrypha such as the Infancy Gospels (the Pseudo-Thomas Gospel) have been excluded, and the compilator forbids himself to translate the Gospel text. An appendix gives the text of tracts 10 and 11 with a French translation.
[EN] The Gospel History from Leabhar Breac : About sections 10 to 13.The Leabhar Breac manuscript, dated 1430, is the best witness for a compiled Middle Irish Biblical History, made of a prose version of Saltair na Rann (for the Old Testament) and of a gathering of fourteen tracts (for the New Testament), most of them derived from apocryphal texts, and forming what is now labelled the Gospel History. This contribution proposes an analysis of four of the last five, still unedited, tracts. Number 10 and 13 focus on dated events which are milestones in chronologies : “Jesus’ Baptism” and “Jesus’ First Sermon”. The other tracts deal with the Twelve Apostles (their origin, history and death) and the Seventy-Two Disciples. This study aims at discerning the main sources, and the Hiberno-Latin treatises written on the same subjects. Though relying mainly on apocryphal sources, the compilation maintains several times it has observed a ban : some apocrypha such as the Infancy Gospels (the Pseudo-Thomas Gospel) have been excluded, and the compilator forbids himself to translate the Gospel text. An appendix gives the text of tracts 10 and 11 with a French translation.
[EN] Inscription on a lead rod found in Reims.The archaeological description of the find informs us that it was found in Reims, boulevard de la Paix, in 2001, behind a Gaulish wall, near dwellings of the Ist century AD. This lead rod has been cast under this form, possibly for the use of metal workers. The two names inscribed on the rod (GNATOS TASGEDO) are equivalent to a trade mark. These two names however probably refer to two different persons, for one has a Gaulish ending and the other, a Latin one.
[EN] Inscription on a lead rod found in Reims.The archaeological description of the find informs us that it was found in Reims, boulevard de la Paix, in 2001, behind a Gaulish wall, near dwellings of the Ist century AD. This lead rod has been cast under this form, possibly for the use of metal workers. The two names inscribed on the rod (GNATOS TASGEDO) are equivalent to a trade mark. These two names however probably refer to two different persons, for one has a Gaulish ending and the other, a Latin one.
[EN] Gallo-Roman Inscriptions.1. A fibula inscribed with «AVE ADIANTO», from Saint-Germain (Aube) : this inscription on a fibula with the shape of a sole presents the same bilingualism as the formula «AVE VIMPI». Adianto is probably a vocative singular of ad-iantu- «darling». 2. Graffito on a sherd «ANDAMORIX», from La Saulsotte (Aube) : this Personal Name means «the king of Hell» and must have a theonymic origin.
[EN] Gallo-Roman Inscriptions.1. A fibula inscribed with «AVE ADIANTO», from Saint-Germain (Aube) : this inscription on a fibula with the shape of a sole presents the same bilingualism as the formula «AVE VIMPI». Adianto is probably a vocative singular of ad-iantu- «darling». 2. Graffito on a sherd «ANDAMORIX», from La Saulsotte (Aube) : this Personal Name means «the king of Hell» and must have a theonymic origin.
[EN] Notes on Old-Breton.
More information about the text glossed with aceruission ; possibly, a compound of garw (acherw) or a loan from Latin acerbus, -ission seems to be a noun with a plural inflection. – 8. Occrou is a variant of Brittonic ochr «angle, point», with a plural ending ; the Hisperic word uechrus might come from a loan of the same word into a Romance language ; – 9. Oith athir seems to refer to the «eight causes» in Galien medical theory.
[EN] Notes on Old-Breton.
More information about the text glossed with aceruission ; possibly, a compound of garw (acherw) or a loan from Latin acerbus, -ission seems to be a noun with a plural inflection. – 8. Occrou is a variant of Brittonic ochr «angle, point», with a plural ending ; the Hisperic word uechrus might come from a loan of the same word into a Romance language ; – 9. Oith athir seems to refer to the «eight causes» in Galien medical theory.
Le thème elanv-«prier, invoquer » reste sans étymologie.
5. Dogurbonneu gl. rogauerit (dans la collection canonique irlandaise) : gurbonn est sans doute le correspondant du vieil-irlandais forbann, forbonn «excès de pouvoir ; superstition » . On propose l’analyse avec préposition do et copule eu : «c’est par excès de pouvoir » . Cette glose a peut-être été calquée sur une glose irlandaise.
6. Le passif impersonnel : catalogue des formes attestées en vieux-breton. On trouve une seule forme sûre de la 3e p. du pluriel ; les désinences de passif impersonnel de l’indicatif présent et du subjonctif présent sont nettement différenciées : indicatif -ir, subjonctif -(h) er ; plusieurs formes autrefois citées comme passives sont en fait du latin mal déchiffré ou mal orthographié.
[EN] Notes on Old-Breton
4. Elanu gl. embolim : embolim refers here to an additional prayer ; one could compare Middle Breton elanvet «invoked, prayed » , a calque for Greek paraklêtos. This stem elanv-«to pray, to invoke » has no etymology.
5. Dogurbonneu gl. rogauerit (in the Irish Collectio Canonum) : gurbonn is a parallel of Old Irish forbann, forbonn «excessive command ; superstition » . It is proposed to analyse the gloss as containing the preposition do and the copula eu : «it is by an excess of power » . This gloss could have had an Irish model.
6. The Impersonal Passive : catalogue of attested forms in Old Breton. There is only one sure example of the 3rd p. plural ; passive endings of the Indicative present and of the Subjunctive present are clearly distinguished : Indicative -ir, subjunctive -(h) er ; many forms sometime quoted as Old Breton passive are in fact Latin, transformed by mispellings or misreadings.
Le thème elanv-«prier, invoquer » reste sans étymologie.
5. Dogurbonneu gl. rogauerit (dans la collection canonique irlandaise) : gurbonn est sans doute le correspondant du vieil-irlandais forbann, forbonn «excès de pouvoir ; superstition » . On propose l’analyse avec préposition do et copule eu : «c’est par excès de pouvoir » . Cette glose a peut-être été calquée sur une glose irlandaise.
6. Le passif impersonnel : catalogue des formes attestées en vieux-breton. On trouve une seule forme sûre de la 3e p. du pluriel ; les désinences de passif impersonnel de l’indicatif présent et du subjonctif présent sont nettement différenciées : indicatif -ir, subjonctif -(h) er ; plusieurs formes autrefois citées comme passives sont en fait du latin mal déchiffré ou mal orthographié.
[EN] Notes on Old-Breton
4. Elanu gl. embolim : embolim refers here to an additional prayer ; one could compare Middle Breton elanvet «invoked, prayed » , a calque for Greek paraklêtos. This stem elanv-«to pray, to invoke » has no etymology.
5. Dogurbonneu gl. rogauerit (in the Irish Collectio Canonum) : gurbonn is a parallel of Old Irish forbann, forbonn «excessive command ; superstition » . It is proposed to analyse the gloss as containing the preposition do and the copula eu : «it is by an excess of power » . This gloss could have had an Irish model.
6. The Impersonal Passive : catalogue of attested forms in Old Breton. There is only one sure example of the 3rd p. plural ; passive endings of the Indicative present and of the Subjunctive present are clearly distinguished : Indicative -ir, subjunctive -(h) er ; many forms sometime quoted as Old Breton passive are in fact Latin, transformed by mispellings or misreadings.
[EN] The Gaulish text from Rezé.
This new Gaulish text comes from the district of Saint Lupien, in Rezé, dep. Loire-Atlantique. On this Gallo-Roman site, which was anciently on the southern brink of the Loire, the archaeologists conducted by Martial Monteil have found a lead tablet with an inscription on both sides. After a presentation of the archaeological context, Pierre-Yves Lambert delivered a tentative reading and linguistic interpretation ; David Stifter gave some epigraphic and linguistic remarks and suggested in some cases alternative proposals. The two faces bear essentially an account, with one column of cyphers on the right, and on the left a column of words which reveal to be a series of ordinal numbers, different from the series in La Graufesenque : some ordinal seem to be latish creations, as paetrute “ fourth”, some others would be archaisms, such as pixto-“ fifth”. The “ seventh” was probably the object of some taboo, whence the use of a euphemistic periphrasis. A few marginal notes would record buyings or sellings, with two verbal forms prino and rinoti, and a monetary unit dinariIu (from Latin denarius). There still remain a number of uncertainties.
[EN] The Gaulish text from Rezé.
This new Gaulish text comes from the district of Saint Lupien, in Rezé, dep. Loire-Atlantique. On this Gallo-Roman site, which was anciently on the southern brink of the Loire, the archaeologists conducted by Martial Monteil have found a lead tablet with an inscription on both sides. After a presentation of the archaeological context, Pierre-Yves Lambert delivered a tentative reading and linguistic interpretation ; David Stifter gave some epigraphic and linguistic remarks and suggested in some cases alternative proposals. The two faces bear essentially an account, with one column of cyphers on the right, and on the left a column of words which reveal to be a series of ordinal numbers, different from the series in La Graufesenque : some ordinal seem to be latish creations, as paetrute “ fourth”, some others would be archaisms, such as pixto-“ fifth”. The “ seventh” was probably the object of some taboo, whence the use of a euphemistic periphrasis. A few marginal notes would record buyings or sellings, with two verbal forms prino and rinoti, and a monetary unit dinariIu (from Latin denarius). There still remain a number of uncertainties.
[EN] Michel Feugère describes a Gallo-Roman fibula with the inscription AVII VIMPI, found in Laon. This is a hinged brooch, designed as a sole, with an applied leaf of stanned copper, bearing a decorative relief. The same legend has been found on an earthen spindle whorl from Nyon, and on two others brooches, one from Reims (now lost), and the other from Cirencester. Ornamentation by application of a separate leaf dates from the second half of the first century. Pierre-Yves Lambert remarks that this legend combines a Latin word and a Gaulish one : «Hello, pretty ! » . The high frequency of vimpi on small inscribed objects such as spindle whorls makes it improbable that it would be a Proper Name. The -i ending, open to many explanations, seems to have originally been a vocative singular of an -iā stem. Its extension to an -ā-stem was perhaps intended to mark a substantivised adjective.
[EN] Michel Feugère describes a Gallo-Roman fibula with the inscription AVII VIMPI, found in Laon. This is a hinged brooch, designed as a sole, with an applied leaf of stanned copper, bearing a decorative relief. The same legend has been found on an earthen spindle whorl from Nyon, and on two others brooches, one from Reims (now lost), and the other from Cirencester. Ornamentation by application of a separate leaf dates from the second half of the first century. Pierre-Yves Lambert remarks that this legend combines a Latin word and a Gaulish one : «Hello, pretty ! » . The high frequency of vimpi on small inscribed objects such as spindle whorls makes it improbable that it would be a Proper Name. The -i ending, open to many explanations, seems to have originally been a vocative singular of an -iā stem. Its extension to an -ā-stem was perhaps intended to mark a substantivised adjective.
[EN] 1. OBr. penn gurth cimarch, a gloss on primas, was probably referring to an important official in court, the supreme judge, or the first counsellor of the king ; in this meaning, it is certainly a parallel for OIr. cenn athchomairc «chief for the second asking » , maybe a judge in appeal, an important function second only to the king (cf. The Expulsion of the Déisi) ; — 2. About a group of words still uncompletely studied : OBr presguor «devoted » , Mid Br presour «constant, diligent » , and Mid W preswyl are borrowed from Lat. perseuerare ; — 3. OBr gueledint ou nimer, a gloss on sub ipso Septentrione (ms. Angers 477, Bede), does not include a passive imperfect of the verb «to see » , but the noun gueled «lower part, bottom » , paraphrasing the preposition sub ; the gloss itself is a litteral translation of the glossed Latin words, excepted that Septentrio is rendered by a generic term, nimer, «constellation »
[EN] 1. OBr. penn gurth cimarch, a gloss on primas, was probably referring to an important official in court, the supreme judge, or the first counsellor of the king ; in this meaning, it is certainly a parallel for OIr. cenn athchomairc «chief for the second asking » , maybe a judge in appeal, an important function second only to the king (cf. The Expulsion of the Déisi) ; — 2. About a group of words still uncompletely studied : OBr presguor «devoted » , Mid Br presour «constant, diligent » , and Mid W preswyl are borrowed from Lat. perseuerare ; — 3. OBr gueledint ou nimer, a gloss on sub ipso Septentrione (ms. Angers 477, Bede), does not include a passive imperfect of the verb «to see » , but the noun gueled «lower part, bottom » , paraphrasing the preposition sub ; the gloss itself is a litteral translation of the glossed Latin words, excepted that Septentrio is rendered by a generic term, nimer, «constellation »
[EN] These additions mainly provide new bibliographical references concerning the Gaulish inscriptions on instrumentum, published in Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises, tome II fasc. 2 (2002). More details are given about studies on potters stamps, on the bilingual graffiti from La Graufesenque, or on the linguistic analysis of verbal forms. A new inscription on a spindle whorl is also reported (L-140), together with another one on a lagena (L-141).
[EN] These additions mainly provide new bibliographical references concerning the Gaulish inscriptions on instrumentum, published in Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises, tome II fasc. 2 (2002). More details are given about studies on potters stamps, on the bilingual graffiti from La Graufesenque, or on the linguistic analysis of verbal forms. A new inscription on a spindle whorl is also reported (L-140), together with another one on a lagena (L-141).
[EN] This epithet of Mercury, found in Châteaubleau (S. et M.), was previously known, only, as a Personal Name, a double use which may be observed for other divine epithets compound with -māros, such as Anextlomaros ou Atepomaros. A recent hypothese tried to explain the first element Solitu-by comparing Celtic nouns for “ sight”, or “ sun”. The first group however goes back to * sūli-(OIr. súil, Brittonic Sulis, theonym), and the second one to * saw(H) lo-(Mid. W. heul, Bret. heol). A new approach is now explored, focussing on any connection within the Gaulish corpus between formations including the elements soli-and solitu- : first, an anthroponymic compound Solimaros, then a compound with verbal rection, Corio-solit-es, an ethnonym. Two possible etymologies are considered, both intended to characterize Mercure Solitumaros as a Lucrorum potens, «Master of Profits » : either with the verbal stem * sel-H-«to acquire » , current with the enlarged (but syncopated) form * sli-, sliy-, «to earn » in Insular Celtic ; or (rather) the stem * swel-«to turn » , here with the meaning «to return (revenues) » .
[EN] This epithet of Mercury, found in Châteaubleau (S. et M.), was previously known, only, as a Personal Name, a double use which may be observed for other divine epithets compound with -māros, such as Anextlomaros ou Atepomaros. A recent hypothese tried to explain the first element Solitu-by comparing Celtic nouns for “ sight”, or “ sun”. The first group however goes back to * sūli-(OIr. súil, Brittonic Sulis, theonym), and the second one to * saw(H) lo-(Mid. W. heul, Bret. heol). A new approach is now explored, focussing on any connection within the Gaulish corpus between formations including the elements soli-and solitu- : first, an anthroponymic compound Solimaros, then a compound with verbal rection, Corio-solit-es, an ethnonym. Two possible etymologies are considered, both intended to characterize Mercure Solitumaros as a Lucrorum potens, «Master of Profits » : either with the verbal stem * sel-H-«to acquire » , current with the enlarged (but syncopated) form * sli-, sliy-, «to earn » in Insular Celtic ; or (rather) the stem * swel-«to turn » , here with the meaning «to return (revenues) » .
[EN] A commented bibliography about Gallo-Greek inscriptions published since the Textes gallo-grecs (1985) of Michel Lejeune, which appeared as the first volume of Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises.
[EN] A commented bibliography about Gallo-Greek inscriptions published since the Textes gallo-grecs (1985) of Michel Lejeune, which appeared as the first volume of Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises.
Le système graphique fait apparaître la chute des consonnes finales de mots. Les voyelles sont moins bien différenciées dans la mesure où il apparaît beaucoup de -e-. Le scribe fait usage d'un double -ss- barré pour noter l'affriquée.
Dans l'interprétation proprement dite, l'auteur a cherché à présenter chaque fois toutes les hypothèses raisonnablement possibles, en indiquant seulement où s'arrête sa préférence. L'auteur estime que ce texte inscrit sur tuile ne peut être un écriteau judiciaire, comme dans le cas (latin) de Villafranca de Los Barros étudié par Jean Mallon car il paraît contraire à l'histoire de prêter un tel statut officiel à la langue gauloise sous l'empire romain. Toutefois, la qualité de l'écriture suggérerait une certaine solennité, dans une circonstance privée : plusieurs rapprochements sembleraient indiquer une composition littéraire produite à l'occasion d'un mariage.
[EN] The Gaulish Tile from Châteaubleau (S.-et-M.).
This Gaulish text was found in Châteaubleau (Seine-et-Mame) in 1997. It is written on a Gallo-Roman tile, eleven lines inscribed before firing. The archaeological context (in the filling of a well, in a rather modest dwelling area) does not allow any datation more precise than «before the end of IIIrd c.». Scripture is a very literate Latin cursive, distinguishing capitals and cursive letters ; the scribe uses many ligatures. Decypherment problems include a type of -n- close to -m-, and a possible confusion between -l- and I longa. Graphy shows the loss of final consonants. Vowels are not differentiated as well as before, since there are many -e-. The scribe uses a double barred -ss-barré to note the affricate.
In the linguistic interpretation itself, the author wanted to present every time all reasonably possible hypotheses, while indicating which one he would prefer. The author thinks that this inscribed tile cannot be a judiciary advertisement, as it was argued for the (Latin) tile of Villafranca de Los Barros by Jean Mallon : for it seems contrary to history to suppose that Gaulish would have had such an official status during the Roman Empire. The high quality of the writing, however, would suggest some solemnity within a private event : numerous comparisons could lead us to suppose that this is a literary composition made on the occasion of a marriage.
Le système graphique fait apparaître la chute des consonnes finales de mots. Les voyelles sont moins bien différenciées dans la mesure où il apparaît beaucoup de -e-. Le scribe fait usage d'un double -ss- barré pour noter l'affriquée.
Dans l'interprétation proprement dite, l'auteur a cherché à présenter chaque fois toutes les hypothèses raisonnablement possibles, en indiquant seulement où s'arrête sa préférence. L'auteur estime que ce texte inscrit sur tuile ne peut être un écriteau judiciaire, comme dans le cas (latin) de Villafranca de Los Barros étudié par Jean Mallon car il paraît contraire à l'histoire de prêter un tel statut officiel à la langue gauloise sous l'empire romain. Toutefois, la qualité de l'écriture suggérerait une certaine solennité, dans une circonstance privée : plusieurs rapprochements sembleraient indiquer une composition littéraire produite à l'occasion d'un mariage.
[EN] The Gaulish Tile from Châteaubleau (S.-et-M.).
This Gaulish text was found in Châteaubleau (Seine-et-Mame) in 1997. It is written on a Gallo-Roman tile, eleven lines inscribed before firing. The archaeological context (in the filling of a well, in a rather modest dwelling area) does not allow any datation more precise than «before the end of IIIrd c.». Scripture is a very literate Latin cursive, distinguishing capitals and cursive letters ; the scribe uses many ligatures. Decypherment problems include a type of -n- close to -m-, and a possible confusion between -l- and I longa. Graphy shows the loss of final consonants. Vowels are not differentiated as well as before, since there are many -e-. The scribe uses a double barred -ss-barré to note the affricate.
In the linguistic interpretation itself, the author wanted to present every time all reasonably possible hypotheses, while indicating which one he would prefer. The author thinks that this inscribed tile cannot be a judiciary advertisement, as it was argued for the (Latin) tile of Villafranca de Los Barros by Jean Mallon : for it seems contrary to history to suppose that Gaulish would have had such an official status during the Roman Empire. The high quality of the writing, however, would suggest some solemnity within a private event : numerous comparisons could lead us to suppose that this is a literary composition made on the occasion of a marriage.
[EN] Other inscribed tiles from Châteaubleau (S.-et-M.).
Edition of seventeen tiles coming from the same site. Amongst these tiles, one might be written in Gaulish too : with a four-lines text, it shows the double barred -ss- barré together with some words looking like Celtic (siano, gnati etc.).
[EN] Other inscribed tiles from Châteaubleau (S.-et-M.).
Edition of seventeen tiles coming from the same site. Amongst these tiles, one might be written in Gaulish too : with a four-lines text, it shows the double barred -ss- barré together with some words looking like Celtic (siano, gnati etc.).
[EN] Notes of Gaulish linguistics.
1). Identification of two verbal forms in the La Graufesenque corpus, lust-as (Pres, -s-subj., 3 sg. *luxset-as) and lilous (reduplicated future on the same verbal stem, *li-louxs-et) ; -2) sioxti, in La Graufesenque, seems to be an adverb rather than a verb : this might be parallel to W. chwaeth «neither ».
[EN] Notes of Gaulish linguistics.
1). Identification of two verbal forms in the La Graufesenque corpus, lust-as (Pres, -s-subj., 3 sg. *luxset-as) and lilous (reduplicated future on the same verbal stem, *li-louxs-et) ; -2) sioxti, in La Graufesenque, seems to be an adverb rather than a verb : this might be parallel to W. chwaeth «neither ».
[EN] Newly found Gallo-Greek inscriptions : Cavaillon.
An inscription made of white pebbles in the floor decoration of an Hellenistic house. The main element is a compound name Iouinco-rix, written Ι]οουιγκορειξ.
[EN] Newly found Gallo-Greek inscriptions : Cavaillon.
An inscription made of white pebbles in the floor decoration of an Hellenistic house. The main element is a compound name Iouinco-rix, written Ι]οουιγκορειξ.
[EN] Gaulish preverbs suffixed with -io-, ambio-, ario-, cantio-.
Old Irish has some substantives derived from prepositions with the suffix -iā. May we compare them to the Gaulish elements ambio-, ario-, cantio - ? But only cantio- is used as a simple word (Cantium). These Gaulish elements are probably the preverbs/prefixes ambi-, ari- et canti- developped with a composition-vowel. It is a coincidence if the same preverbs exhibit a full form (with a verkalkt infixed pronoun) imme-, ara-, ceta-, in some Old Irish compound verbs.
[EN] Gaulish preverbs suffixed with -io-, ambio-, ario-, cantio-.
Old Irish has some substantives derived from prepositions with the suffix -iā. May we compare them to the Gaulish elements ambio-, ario-, cantio - ? But only cantio- is used as a simple word (Cantium). These Gaulish elements are probably the preverbs/prefixes ambi-, ari- et canti- developped with a composition-vowel. It is a coincidence if the same preverbs exhibit a full form (with a verkalkt infixed pronoun) imme-, ara-, ceta-, in some Old Irish compound verbs.
[EN] The complement of the comparative in Old Irish.
After examining Brittonic data, the author analyses the different solutions used in Old Irish to connect a referential complement after a comparative. Dative without any preposition is possible only with isolated nouns. If the complement is a full noun phrase, prepositions are used : ol «beyond», re «before», sech «over». There is a tendancy to organise this complement as a proposition, by introducing the verb «to be», relative -daas, forming oldaas, indaas, adaas. Finally, the author studies a particle ind-, distinct from the prep. iN «in» and used to form adverbs.
[EN] The complement of the comparative in Old Irish.
After examining Brittonic data, the author analyses the different solutions used in Old Irish to connect a referential complement after a comparative. Dative without any preposition is possible only with isolated nouns. If the complement is a full noun phrase, prepositions are used : ol «beyond», re «before», sech «over». There is a tendancy to organise this complement as a proposition, by introducing the verb «to be», relative -daas, forming oldaas, indaas, adaas. Finally, the author studies a particle ind-, distinct from the prep. iN «in» and used to form adverbs.
[EN] 1. Gaulish brigiomu and iciomu (Coligny) are probably the superlatives derived from, resp. *mrghu-> celt. *brigu-short and celt. *ougo- (Olr. uag entire, complete ). —2. The Gaul. verb, tioinuoru is a compound verb with an infixed pron. -in-or possibly -oin-, from *sosin, if we admit the deletion of intervocalic -s-.
[EN] 1. Gaulish brigiomu and iciomu (Coligny) are probably the superlatives derived from, resp. *mrghu-> celt. *brigu-short and celt. *ougo- (Olr. uag entire, complete ). —2. The Gaul. verb, tioinuoru is a compound verb with an infixed pron. -in-or possibly -oin-, from *sosin, if we admit the deletion of intervocalic -s-.
[EN] Old Breton glosses.
1. OBr, douoin is parallel to W. dywyn, dyfwyn correction, reform , verbal noun of dywygiaf, from *to-wik-ni~. — 2. OBr. uenioc gl. ballinea is comparable to the element uent-in the OBr. personal name Peis-uentoc and possibly to Britto-lat. Venta. —3. The personal name element OBr. lud-, which competes with Iudic-, is probably a loan from Lat. iudex, iudicis ; other Latin nouns from the Illrd declension gave birth to such doublets.
[EN] Old Breton glosses.
1. OBr, douoin is parallel to W. dywyn, dyfwyn correction, reform , verbal noun of dywygiaf, from *to-wik-ni~. — 2. OBr. uenioc gl. ballinea is comparable to the element uent-in the OBr. personal name Peis-uentoc and possibly to Britto-lat. Venta. —3. The personal name element OBr. lud-, which competes with Iudic-, is probably a loan from Lat. iudex, iudicis ; other Latin nouns from the Illrd declension gave birth to such doublets.
Gaul. Ανδοουνναβο (théonyme fém. dat. pl.) pourrait être composé de ande «au-dessous» ; virl. sleic «lessive» et breton stloak «charrée».
[EN] Lexicographical notes
Gaulish Ανδοουνναβο (dat. pl. of a fem, theonym) might be compound with the prev. ande “below” ; OIr. sleic “lye” and Breton stloak “ashes used to make lye”.
Gaul. Ανδοουνναβο (théonyme fém. dat. pl.) pourrait être composé de ande «au-dessous» ; virl. sleic «lessive» et breton stloak «charrée».
[EN] Lexicographical notes
Gaulish Ανδοουνναβο (dat. pl. of a fem, theonym) might be compound with the prev. ande “below” ; OIr. sleic “lye” and Breton stloak “ashes used to make lye”.
6. La variation a/o dans les gloses peut s’expliquer phonétiquement par une neutralisation en contexte nasalisant, mais une erreur de copie est aussi possible dans certains cas. — 7. esatcod Saint-Omer 666 comporte la copule es. — 8. Notes sur les gloses aux Canons irlandais, Orléans 221, en particulier les noms eleuc, uitula, amsobe «chroniqueur», olo/olguo «trace», milintric «prostituée», etc., et les verbes im «sum», doguolouit «redegit» testoner «habendus est», di-imdam «s’il supporte», mar-dotas «s’il a révélé», etc. — 9. erubloblion, gl. proletarios, et eusouion gl. gestatorum.
[EN] Old Breton Glosses (6-9)
6. The alternation between a and o in the OBret. glosses might reflect a phonetic feature (neutralization of the distinction in a nasalizing context), but in some cases it might simply be a graphical blunder. — 7. esatcod St. Omer 666 contains the copula es. — 8. Notes on the glosses on the Irish Canons, Orléans 221, particularly the nouns eleuc, uitula, amsobe “chronicler”, olo/olguo “track, trace”, milintric “whore”, etc., and the verbs im “sum”, doguolouit “redegit”, testoner “habendus est”, di-imdam “if he suffers”, mar-dotas “if it has revealed”, etc. — 9. erublobion gl. proletarios and eusouion gl. gestatorum.
6. La variation a/o dans les gloses peut s’expliquer phonétiquement par une neutralisation en contexte nasalisant, mais une erreur de copie est aussi possible dans certains cas. — 7. esatcod Saint-Omer 666 comporte la copule es. — 8. Notes sur les gloses aux Canons irlandais, Orléans 221, en particulier les noms eleuc, uitula, amsobe «chroniqueur», olo/olguo «trace», milintric «prostituée», etc., et les verbes im «sum», doguolouit «redegit» testoner «habendus est», di-imdam «s’il supporte», mar-dotas «s’il a révélé», etc. — 9. erubloblion, gl. proletarios, et eusouion gl. gestatorum.
[EN] Old Breton Glosses (6-9)
6. The alternation between a and o in the OBret. glosses might reflect a phonetic feature (neutralization of the distinction in a nasalizing context), but in some cases it might simply be a graphical blunder. — 7. esatcod St. Omer 666 contains the copula es. — 8. Notes on the glosses on the Irish Canons, Orléans 221, particularly the nouns eleuc, uitula, amsobe “chronicler”, olo/olguo “track, trace”, milintric “whore”, etc., and the verbs im “sum”, doguolouit “redegit”, testoner “habendus est”, di-imdam “if he suffers”, mar-dotas “if it has revealed”, etc. — 9. erublobion gl. proletarios and eusouion gl. gestatorum.
[EN] 1. On two new OBr. glosses from an Orosius ms., Legde Voss. Lat. F. 13 ; one of them is already known through another ms., the other is badly corrupted (a amguisic gl. limbo). — 2. Reinterpretation of OBr. ermenneticion : its reading has to be corrected (the abbreviation stroke stands for -en-), and the philological analysis leads to consider it as glossing Lat. quaesitus. — 3. About three glosses on the Hisperic poems in the ms. BN Lat. 11411 : OBr ergueherent gl. fascinant belongs to the same verbal stem as OBr. aruuoart gl. fascinauit ; erdrerc “evident” may have been influenced by an OIr model *erderc ; enchehen dame “compellor” might be a transformed copy of an OIr. gloss écen dam (same meaning). — 4. A
new gloss in the hisperic poem Bubisca has to be corrected as am-crum (gl. amphicuruo). — 5. Additional remarks on the OBr. glosses to Bede in Angers 477 : dan guileri, “huic libro” includes a poss. pron. 1rst pl. (h)an, (h)on ; go-diat “in a day” exhibits the prepositional use of guo- “under” ; *adau em doesn’t exist, this is a Lat. phrase ad auslra(les) ; *didimicont is a wrong reading for dichmicont “they invent” ; the word [ba]did “baptism” has to be restaured in a gloss which is not intelligible without it.
[EN] 1. On two new OBr. glosses from an Orosius ms., Legde Voss. Lat. F. 13 ; one of them is already known through another ms., the other is badly corrupted (a amguisic gl. limbo). — 2. Reinterpretation of OBr. ermenneticion : its reading has to be corrected (the abbreviation stroke stands for -en-), and the philological analysis leads to consider it as glossing Lat. quaesitus. — 3. About three glosses on the Hisperic poems in the ms. BN Lat. 11411 : OBr ergueherent gl. fascinant belongs to the same verbal stem as OBr. aruuoart gl. fascinauit ; erdrerc “evident” may have been influenced by an OIr model *erderc ; enchehen dame “compellor” might be a transformed copy of an OIr. gloss écen dam (same meaning). — 4. A
new gloss in the hisperic poem Bubisca has to be corrected as am-crum (gl. amphicuruo). — 5. Additional remarks on the OBr. glosses to Bede in Angers 477 : dan guileri, “huic libro” includes a poss. pron. 1rst pl. (h)an, (h)on ; go-diat “in a day” exhibits the prepositional use of guo- “under” ; *adau em doesn’t exist, this is a Lat. phrase ad auslra(les) ; *didimicont is a wrong reading for dichmicont “they invent” ; the word [ba]did “baptism” has to be restaured in a gloss which is not intelligible without it.
Contributions to edited collections or authored works
Le « Brut » gallois étudié par P.-Y. Lambert, celui du manuscrit Cotton Cleopatra B.V de la British Library (xive siècle) se présente comme un amalgame de traductions existantes, au total un peu moins fidèle au texte de l’Historia regum Britannie que les versions antérieures.
The Welsh Brut examined by P.-Y. Lambert is found in the British Library’s Cotton Cleopatra B.V manuscript (14th century). This version is a hybrid composition based on previous versions of the text. In general, it is a less faithful rendering of the Historia than older ones.
Le « Brut » gallois étudié par P.-Y. Lambert, celui du manuscrit Cotton Cleopatra B.V de la British Library (xive siècle) se présente comme un amalgame de traductions existantes, au total un peu moins fidèle au texte de l’Historia regum Britannie que les versions antérieures.
The Welsh Brut examined by P.-Y. Lambert is found in the British Library’s Cotton Cleopatra B.V manuscript (14th century). This version is a hybrid composition based on previous versions of the text. In general, it is a less faithful rendering of the Historia than older ones.